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Human Excretory System. This system consists of specialized structures and capillary networks that assist in the excretory process. The human excretory system includes the kidneys and their functional unit, the nephron. The excretory activity of the kidneys is modulated by specialized hormones that regulate the amount of absorption within the nephron. In humans, waste generation and disposal are taken care of by the human excretory system. The human excretory system comprises of the following structures: 2 Kidneys; 2 Ureters; 1 Urinary bladder; 1 Urethra; Kidneys. Kidneys are the main organ of the human excretory system. The kidneys are paired organs in each individual.
Below, we will see important organs which are present in different locations of human anatomy.
List of Organs of the body:
As you know, organs are formed by a group of tissues. They can be grouped in different sections like
Organs in the body and their function:
Stomach: It is one of the largest internal organs of the body. It is a sack-like structure located in the belly portion of the body. Its capacity is up to 2.5 liters.
It has folding called rugae by which it expands to accommodate more food. Food consumed stays in the stomach for about an hour. Stomach wall secretes HCl which destroys any microbes in the food. Further, it readily absorbs water and alcohol and digests some portion of carbohydrates.
Small intestine: This is a long tube-like structure as long as 6 to 20 meters in length. It is a continuation to stomach. The food from the stomach enters the small intestine and stays for 8 hours. Here the food is digested and then the nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream.
Large intestine: This is an extension of the small intestine but has a greater diameter. It is divided as ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon and rectum. It helps in absorption water from undigested food; it stores bowel before being excreted as feces. Further, it hosts many friendly bacteria which synthesize Vitamin-K and also helps in the absorption of vitamin-B12.
The esophagusis the starting organs of this digestive system.
Liver: It is considered the biggest organ in the human anatomy. It is located on the right-hand side above the stomach. It is an essential organ of metabolism and one of the principal organs human body has to detoxify substances. It helps to convert any toxic substances or drugs into water-soluble inert materials. These are then readily excreted by the kidneys.
It is the organ where glucose is stored as glycogen and fat are converted to high-density and low-density lipoproteins. It is also the place where bile is formed and released into the intestine for excretion. It is the most robust and active organ in the body. Damage to any portion of the liver is regenerated and repaired for efficient function.
Heart: This is the primary organ of the blood circulatory system. It is one of the organs on the left side of the body.
Hearts function is to pump the blood so as to reach deeper most tissues of the body.
It is the organ which functions non-stop from birth to death of an individual. It has veins flowing in blood from the back and arteries going out of the heart. In an adult, it beats at an average of 72 beats per minute. It is made of cardiac muscles which are part of the muscular system.
Arteries, Veins & Capillaries:
These are duct-like organs which are connected to the heart. Arteries carry blood from the heart to all the tissues and cell of the body. Veins bring impure blood from all the tissues and cells back to the heart. Capillaries are finest ducts which emerge from arteries and converge again into veins. They reach deeper most cells and provide nutrition and collect waste for expulsion by blood. There are few structural and functional differences between arteries and veins.
Lungs: These are the principal organs of the respiratory system. They help in taking of oxygen-rich air from the atmosphere into the body and give out carbon dioxide.
The oxygen from the air in the lungs is carried by blood when it circulates through the alveoli. These lungs are balloon-like and can expand and relax. The average capacity is 4 liters of air.
Brain: This is the master organ of the body. All the systems of the human body are under its control. The skull which is bone frame in the head houses the brain.
It is made up of nerve cells and neuroglia. It consists of parts like cortex, cerebral hemisphere, cerebellum, medulla oblongata, pons. It extends into the spinal cord. Its essential functions include judgment, memory, reasoning, sleep, temperature control, body movements, reflex actions, etc. It exerts its action through neurotransmitters.
Spinal cord: This is the cord located in the vertebral column. It begins from the brain and extends to hip bones as the sacrum. It has many nerves passing through the entire body. Both the brain and spinal cord are part of the nervous system.
Kidneys: These are the main organs of the excretory system. They are involved in removing waste from the blood. There is a single pair of kidney present towards the dorsal side of the body. They are bean-shaped and brownish in color. Each kidney is located on either side of the vertebral column.
Kidneys are the organs of excretion in the body. They filter waste products from the blood for expulsion. A nephron is the basic unit of excretion in the kidney. Each kidney has millions of nephrons which combine to perform such large demands of filtration.
Ureters: These are the long ducts which connect kidneys to the urinary bladder. They carry the formed urine from nephrons to the bladder for expulsion.
Urinary bladder: This is a storage vesicle which stores urine brought from kidneys by the ureters until there is voluntary urination.
Skin: This is the largest organ of the body concerning area.
By: Madhero88 & M.Komorniczak -commons.wikimedia.org/
It accounts for few meters. It covers the whole body, gives shape and protects the inner tissues from germs. It also acts as an organ of the sense of touch. The skin has sweat ducts, oil glands, and hair. In times of excess heat, body expels sweat through the skin to reduce the temperature. Along with sweat sodium, chloride and other waste are excreted from the body. This skin also acts as an organ of excretion. Glands in skin secrete an oily substance to prevent water loss and keep the surface smooth
Eyes: The most vital organs of the body.
They are a pair located in eye sockets in the skull on the front side of the head.
They are responsible for vision. Eyes are connected to the brain through optic nerves which help in sight.
Ears: These are the organs of hearing. They are a pair each located on one side of the head. They are responsible for the sense of hearing and maintenance of balance.
Nose: This is an organ of respiration but also has the function of the sense of smell. It has olfactory nerve endings in the nasal layers which predict the scent.
Tongue: The organ of taste in the mouth. It has sensory buds to recognize the taste. It is movable and helps in speech and talk.
Pancreas: This organ located near the stomach acts as both an exocrine gland and also the endocrine gland. Exocrine gland secretes digestive enzymes like amylase, trypsin, lipase which digest carbohydrates, proteins and fats respectively. See the pancreatic enzymes for more details
While the endocrine part secretes hormones like insulin, somatotropin which regulate glucose levels in the blood.
Thyroid gland: This is an endocrine gland located near the neck region. It secretes thyroid hormones which regulate metabolism and also body temperature.
Parathyroid gland: This is also the endocrine gland located along with thyroid gland. They secrete parathormone which regulates calcium levels in the blood.
Adrenal gland: This endocrine gland has two portions as inner medulla which secretes epinephrine while the outer cortex secretes mineral and glucocorticoid hormones. Epinephrine is the hormone of fight or flight (emotion-related) while corticoids regulate body metabolism.
Salivary glands:There are three pairs of salivary glands in the facial region. They secrete saliva into the mouth to keep it moist.
Spleen: This organ is a part of the lymphatic system. It is located in the belly region near the intestines and stomach. It is involved infiltration of blood, destruction of old and worn out red blood cells. This also serves as a reservoir of blood and even recovers iron from damaged RBC for reuse.
Gallbladder: It is a small organ below the liver. Here the bile juice from the liver is concentrated before being released into the gut. See the image above for location.
Thymus gland: An essential organ of the immune system, located near the sternum. This organ helps in the development of immune cells. It decreases in size as age progresses.
Ovaries: These are present in women near the lower part of the belly.
They are a pair and help in the formation of ova which can fertilize with sperm and go on to form a baby.
Refer for more details on glands in the body
Uterus: This organ is well developed in female reproductive system. It helps to host the fertilized zygote for 9 months. Here the zygote grows into a baby. It provides all the required nutrients to the baby during the period.
Testis: These are the external gland-like structures present in males near the groin. They have vas-differentia which forms sperms.
Prostate gland: This gland secretes prostate hormone. Present in males helps in the passage of sperms from the urethra.
Bone marrow:This is tissue and not an organ and is present inside the large bones. It exists as yellow and red bone marrow. As a person ages, the red portion of it turns yellow. This bone marrow is essential in the production of red blood cells, white blood cells, and even thrombocytes.
Penis: This is present only in males. It is a sexual organ and also functions to expel the urine out of the body.
Interstitium: This is a series of an interconnected compartment of cells and the secretions in the body which are present around all the essential organs. They act as a shock absorber and help in protecting the organs from jerks and movements by the body. The Interstitium is also responsible for chemotaxis phenomenon whereby the white blood cells move to the specific region of injury.
Reference:Principles of Anatomy and Physiology.
Organs of all the mammals work in a similar pattern. They are controlled by the same set of hormones and receptors. This knowledge of human organs helps us understand the disease mechanisms and provide ideas for medical intervention. This is the reason why organs from animals are isolated for new drug testing in the labs.
Most people are born with two kidneys which are bean-shaped organs on each side of the middle back. In the medical field kidney pain is usually called flank pain because it is noted most in the middle back or flank area.
The kidney is a filter for the blood and works to remove waste materials. Aside from filtration the kidneys also helps with hormone and electrolyte control. Kidney pain is not in itself a diagnosis and could be a symptom of various issues.
What do the Kidneys do in our body?
Kidney is considered as one of the major organs of the body. This is because of its important role in various functions that keep us in healthy condition. The major functions of it include the following.
This article will discuss a bit more about the anatomy of the kidney as well as possible causes for kidney pain.
Kidney Location – Where are your kidneys located ?
As mentioned above most people have one kidney on each side of the posterior abdominal area. The specific location of the kidneys sometimes causes the pain sensation to be confused with other types of pain such as liver or back pain. It is very important to understand the exact location and sensation of kidney pain.
The picture below shows a drawing each kidney in the area where they are located. Flank pain is specifically found in this area. If movement of the muscle or massage does not relieve pain in this area you may be experiencing kidney pain.
Flank pain which is sharp or doesn’t change upon movement is most likely kidney pain and not muscular pain.
Picture 1 : Surface of the kidney location (back side of the abdomen)
Image source : meded.ucsd.edu Where are your kidneys located exactly?
Check out this video for the 3D view : Location and Relations of Kidneys
Kidney Pain Location and Sensation
There is usually a feeling of a stabbing pain in the upper back just below the ribs. It may also be a dull ache depending on the diagnosis. At times kidney pain may be felt in the upper abdominal area. In this case it is often confused for digestive issues. Pain can radiate to the back as well as to the groin region.
Picture 2 : Kidney pain located in the Right and Left Upper Quadrants
Image source : HealthHype Kidney Pain vs Muscular (back pain)
The flank area is an area of the back that is commonly injured in normal every day movements or during exercise. There are a few good ways to know the difference between kidney pain and muscular back pain.
If you answer yes to any of the following questions you could be experiencing kidney pain.
If you answer yes to any of the following questions you may be experiencing back pain.
Causes of Kidney Pain
Generally, kidney pain can occur when there is an infection or disease of the tract through which urine passes. This includes the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and the urethra. Obstruction of the tract by renal stones, especially in the kidneys or ureters can lead to flank pain.
However, obstruction in the bladder and urethra can lead to lower abdominal pain. Malignant growth and congenital deformities of the urinary tract can also lead to similar pain. (19)(20)(21)
Renal Stones
One of the most common reasons for flank pain is kidney stones. This is basically a build up calcium residue which creates tiny stones. Although the stones are very small they have to move through the kidneys filtering system.
The pain can be quite debilitating and difficult to treat. Usually kidney stones do not need treatment and “pass” on their own, but in some cases different measures are taken to help “break up” larger stones to help them pass. Along with the pain, the person may have nausea, vomiting or hematuria (passing of blood in urine).
How to relate (identify) kidney stone location with pain location:
FAQs :
Passing a 4mm kidney stone ?
also note : if stone is bigger than 10 mm and looking big, then surgical or medical treatment is needed.
4mm kidney stone actual size
Polycystic kidney
Polycystic kidney disorder is a hereditary condition causing multiple cysts in the kidney. The cysts can cause enlarged kidneys and lead to flank or abdominal pain.
On examination of the person’s abdomen, palpable mass may be felt in the kidney region on both the sides. It is usually seen that people with polycystic kidneys are prone to frequent urinary tract infections. (22)
Kidney Infection
Kidney infection is usually caused by untreated bladder infections. When both kidneys are infected the diagnosis is pyelonephritis. Immediate medical attention is needed to prevent kidney damage.
Generally the patients with pyelonephritis may complain of dull aching pain in either sides or both. They may also have nausea and vomiting (23).
Renal Vascular Issues
Arteriosclerosis of the renal artery may bring about renal pain. It may also be accompanied by a number of other problems due decreased blood flow to and through the kidney.
Hydronephrosis
Hydronephrosis is when the urine that should be flowing through the ureters and into the bladder, are for some reason blocked. This blockage could be caused by various reasons such as obstruction by stones. Hydronephrosis can be very dangerous and has a potential to cause kidney damage.
This must be treated immediately under medical supervision. They usually present with pain in the upper back or flanks (24).
Kidney Cancer
The carcinoma of the kidney usually causes pain in the flank region along with painless blood loss via urine.
Kidney Pain and Alcohol Abuse
Although the kidneys do not directly filter alcohol, problems associated with the kidneys may be related to the alcohol abuse. Alcohol can affect certain renal hormones such as anti-diuretic hormone and result in dehydration.
Alcohol may also raises the risk of atherosclerosis and cause clot formation in the kidneys.
Associated Symptoms of Kidney Pain
Any disease or a disorder related to the kidneys may be accompanied by a number of other symptoms. They usually represent a problem in the urinary tract.
Urinary tract symptoms
Other symptoms not related directly to the urinary tract may be:
If you are suffering from the above mentioned symptoms, then you are most likely having a kidney issues and should seek medical attention.
Diagnosis of Kidney Pain
As stated above if you are experiencing any of the symptoms noted above it is always important to get medical advice. Your doctor will go through a process of checks and tests in order to decide if you in fact are suffering from kidney pain.
Full blood Count
A full blood count will determine the number of bloods cells in a certain amount of your blood. They will particularly be looking at the white blood cells because they will alert to infection.
Blood cultures and Urine Culture Test
These determine the causative agent behind infection in case there is a suspicion of renal or urinary tract infection.
Urinalysis
A urinalysis can show various important clues helpful for detecting the main cause of an infection.
Intravenous pyelogram (IVP)
It is the X-ray specially designed for kidney and urinary tract. It is used to detect the size, position and shape of the kidney, urinary tract and ureters. It can also help to locate the stone.
Abdominal X-ray (KUB)
This type of x-ray gives a portrait of the kidneys, the urinary bladder, and the ureters. This may be helpful in finding stones and deciding the size and location of the kidneys. Other tests that help to detect the pain in the kidney include CT scan and ultrasound of the kidneys.
Differential Diagnosis of Kidney Pain
While diagnosing a pain which could probably be due to the kidneys or urinary tract, it should also be kept in mind that similar pain can occur due to various other problems. Let us look at a few causes of pain that resembles kidney pain. (25)(26)(27)(28)(29)
Acute Appendicitis
The pain due to appendicitis is usually felt around the umbilicus and radiates towards the right lower quadrant of the abdomen. It may also be associated with nausea, vomiting and tenderness in the area. Clinical examination with ultrasonography of the abdomen can help in excluding the diagnosis.
Diverticulitis
It is a condition of the colon due to inflamed pouch formation in their walls. The abdominal pain associated with diverticulitis is usually felt in the left or right lower quadrant of the abdomen.
Endometriosis
Endometriosis associated pain is also felt in the lower abdominal quadrants, right or left. The condition can show dysmenorrhoea (painful menstrual periods), menorrhagia (heavy menstrual periods) , nausea, vomiting, dyspareunia (painful sexual intercourse) and infertility.
Infectious colitis
Abdominal pain in this condition can be felt as being in the whole abdomen, but sometimes it may be localized to right or left lower quadrants of the abdomen. General features such as fever and chills with diarrhoea may also be seen.
Low back ache
Kidney pain may occasionally be felt as pain in the back region just below the ribs. One of the common causes for low back ache can be muscular or bony pain due to positional or stress related causes. This can also be confused the renal pain.
Appropriate investigations can be employed to include or exclude any of these differential causes by a medical expert. The wide range of causes presenting with similar symptoms makes it mandatory for a doctor to examine and come to conclusions regarding the cause of the pain.
Treatment for Kidney painDiet Modification
There are various calcium oxalate containing foods which may increase kidney stone formation such as:
Foods that may help prevent kidney stones and may help with general kidney issues are those containing large amounts of water or vitamin C such as:
Medical Treatment
Infections require antibiotics while other treatment is symptomatic. Over the counter pain killers can help but they should be avoided.
Surgical Treatment
Kidney stones have to be removed surgically or by breaking it into bits, in case it does not pass through the urine.
Treatment is basically given according to the cause of the kidney pain. Avoid alcohol and factors that aggravate your pain.
References :
Related posts:
Published by Dr. Raj MD under Pain Management.
Article was last reviewed on August 27th, 2018.
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